![]() This optical environment leads to a significant confinement of optical modes within the structure. The organic layers have refractive indices in the range of n org ≈ 1.6 − 1.8, which is higher than the respective values of the substrates used (glass or plastic, n sub ≈ 1.5), and especially the desired outcoupling medium, air ( n air = 1.0). In very simple words, the thin-film-layered architecture of OLEDs turns them into weak optical cavities. ![]() The factor influencing the EQE of OLEDs with the largest margin for improvement is the outcoupling efficiency η out. Paul-Anton Will, Sebastian Reineke, in Handbook of Organic Materials for Electronic and Photonic Devices (Second Edition), 2019 21.3.3 Light outcoupling
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